Grade 7 – Spread of Islam

Caliphs / Empire	First Ruler	Famous Ruler/s	Last Ruler	Duration
The Four Rightly Guided Caliphs / Khulafa-u-Raashidoon	Abu Bakr Al Siddiq	Abu Bakr Umar Bin Al Khattab Uthman Bin Affan Ali Bin Abi Thalib	Ali Bin Abi Thalib	632 to 661 M
Umayyad Caliphs	Muawiya I Ibn Abu Sufyan	Umar Bin Abdul Aziz	Marwan II Ibn Muhammad	661 to 750 M
Abbasid Caliphs	Abu’l Abbas As-Saffah	Harun Al Rasheedh	Al Mu’tasim Billah	750 to 1258 M
Ottoman Caliphs	Osman I	Suleiman 1 (The Magnificient)	Abdul Hamid II	1299 to 1921 M
Mogul Empire	Babur	Akbar Shah Jahan	Bahadur Shahs	1526 to 1857M

Important Links:

http://www.123muslim.com/islamic-articles/418-four-rightly-guided-caliphs-islam.html

http://www.theottomans.org/english/history/history1900_2.asp

http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/plaintexthistories.asp?historyid=ab99

http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/mughalempire_1.shtml

http://islamiccoins.ancients.info/abbasid/abbasidcaliphs.htm

http://historymedren.about.com/library/text/bltxtiraq6.htm

http://islam.about.com/od/history/a/Rightly-Guided-Caliphs.htm

International Date Line - IDL

International Date Line (IDL)

The International Date Line sits on the 180º line of longitude in the middle of the Pacific Ocean, and is the imaginary line that separates two consecutive calendar days. It is not a perfectly straight line and has been moved slightly over the years to accommodate needs (or requests) of varied countries in the Pacific Ocean. Note how it bends to include all of Kiribati, Samoa, Tonga and Tokelau in the Eastern Hemisphere. 

Immediately to the left of the International Date Line the date is always one day ahead of the date (or day) immediately to the right of the International Date Line in the Western Hemisphere. 

On the time and date codes shown below, note that Tonga and American Samoa have the same time but are one day apart, as American Samoa is in the Western Hemisphere, on the opposite side of the International Dateline from Tonga. 

As you travel further west, note that the time in Fiji is one hour earlier than Tonga. You will also notice that Hawaii, further to the east of American Samoa, is one hour later in time. 

So, travel east across the International Date Line results in a day, or 24 hours, being subtracted.

Travel west across the International Date Line results in a day being added.

Immediately to the left of the International Date Line (the date) is always one day ahead of the date (or day) immediately to the right of the International Date Line in the Western Hemisphere. On the time and date codes shown below, note that Tonga and American Samoa have the exact same time but they are (1) day apart, as American Samoa is in the Western Hemisphere, on the opposite side of the International Dateline from Tonga.

Samoa skips a day and crosses international dateline

Samoa, a small Pacific island nation, skipped a calendar day and crossed the international dateline on December 30, 2011. The tiny nation, which lies near the international dateline, left out December 31 and now stands on the same side of time as its biggest trading partners Australia, New Zealand and China.

This jump in time happened almost 120 years after Samoa haddecided to align the island’s time with the United States. In the past years, however, trading has changed towards the Asia-Australia region. Up to December 30, 2011 Samoa was almost a day behind Australia and New Zealand, and 10 hours behind London, Europe’s finance centers.

The international dateline runs from north to south through the middle of the Pacific Ocean and separatesone calendar day from the next. When a traveler crosses the dateline from west to east he skips a day.

Businessmen and companies in Samoa have claimed that they were experiencing disadvantages when trading with their neighbors to the west. When Samoans were still working on Fridays it was already Saturday in Australia and New Zealand. Another reason may be that many of Samoa’s citizens live on the Asianmainland or in Australia and New Zealand.

Tokelau, a small atoll that belongs to New Zealand, has also decided to accompany Samoa’s move across the dateline. It now claims to be first place in the world to start the day.

Samoa skip a day.

Paralells of Latitudes and Meridians of Longitudes

for more information, visit the link below.
Paralells of Latitudes andMeridians of Longitudes

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